Nanomedicines as a cutting-edge solution to combat antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, with over 70% of infection-causing microorganisms resistant to antimicrobial drugs. AMR mechanisms include efflux pumps, target modifications, drug hydrolysis, and membrane alterations. Nanomedicines, with their small size and unique properties, offer a promising solution by overcoming drug resistance mechanisms and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Various nanomaterials, including polymeric-based, lipid-based, metal nanoparticles, carbohydrate-derived, nucleic acid-based, and hydrogels, provide efficient solutions for AMR.